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Liber Ignium
The ''Liber Ignium ad Comburendos Hostes'' (translated as ''On the Use of Fire to Conflagrate the Enemy'', or ''Book of Fires for the Burning of Enemies'', and abbreviated as ''Book of Fires'') is a medieval collection of recipes for incendiary weapons, including Greek fire and gunpowder, written in Latin and allegedly written by a certain Marcus Graecus ("Mark the Greek")—a person whose existence is debated by scholars. The work has been subjected to numerous academic analyses, and with contradictory conclusions with regards to origin and influence on its contemporaries.〔Partington, James Riddick. A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998, pp. 58-60〕
One of the most influential studies of the ''Liber Ignium'' was conducted by Marcellin Berthelot; it is still cited in 20th century works on the topic.〔〔
== Contents ==
The ''Liber Ignium'' is a collection of 35 recipes without any internal classification, as it was typical of "secret recipe" list of the era.〔 Of these, fourteen are related to warfare, eleven with lamps and lights, six with the prevention and treatment of burns, and four with the preparation of chemicals, chiefly saltpetre. Some recipes were found to be worthless.〔
Recipe no. 14 contains advice for the harvesting and processing of saltpeter. In Berthelot's interpretation, it says: "saltpeter is a mineral of the earth, and is found as an efflorescence on stones. This earth is dissolved in boiling water, then purified and passed through a filter. It is boiled for a day and a night and solidified, so that transparent plates of the salt are found at the bottom of the vessel."〔 Furthermore, there are four recipes (nos. 12, 13, 32, and 33) that describe mixtures resembling gunpowder.〔
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